???????????Ч????????NIR???????????SWIR?????в?????MWIR???????????LWIR?????η?Χ????з????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????LiDAR??????????????????????????????￡?????CO??CO₂??H₂O???????????????????????????????????и??????????????1???????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????о?????Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, Poland?????й?????????????????о???????????????????????Piotr Martyniuk????????????????Light: Science & Applications????????????“Infrared avalanche photodiodes from bulk to 2D materials”????????????????????????????????Piotr Martyniuk??????????????????????????????APD???????????δ??????????????????????????HgCdTe?????-?????????????????????????“????????third wave??”??в?????????????SL????

?1 ??????????????????????????м???????????????????·??

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????APD?????????????????BW????????棨M??——????????????GBW??????????????[F(M)]????????????????????б?????????????????????????????FSO????????????????LiDAR???????????ToF????????????????????????????????????????

?γ????????????????????????????????????????????????????QKD?????????????Щ???????????????????????????????Щ???????????APD???????????????GBW??????F(M)????APD???????????

?2 APD????????

????F(M)???????????????????1??????????????汶???????????????“????????third wave??”??????似????????2?????????F(M)?????????????????????????Ч???????????????3??????????????????????????????I₂E????????

?3 APD?????????????

???????????APD???????????????????????????InGaAs??Ge??HgCdTe?????????????????????????Χ????в???????????????

?4 InGaAs/InP SAM-APD

?5 ????????籶?????PMT???????????APD???????????

?????2D?????????????????vdW????????????“????????third wave??”??в???????????????????????????????????????????????У??????????????????о??????????????????????????Щ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Ч????????????????Ч??????

?6 ??????????????????

?????????????????????????????е????????-?????????????????????????г????????????????????????Щ??????????????????????????????????????????仯???????????????в?????????????????Ч????????????????????

?????о??????????????????糡????????2????????????Ч?????????????????塣????????е????????????????????????????????????????????APD?????????????????????

?????????о?????????????????APD???2????????????????????????????“????????third wave??”??????????????????APD??????

?????????https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-023-01259-3

?????????

??????????????????SPAD?????????????????-2023?桷

??????????????????SPAD???????????-2023?桷

???ī??г?????????????-2023?桷

????????????м??????г?-2023?桷

?????????????LiDAR????????????-2022?桷

?????????LiDAR?????????г?-2022?桷

????????????????????г?-2024?桷

??????????г???????-2022?桷??